Mirrors form images by reflection geometry.

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal. Most mistakes come from measuring angles from the surface instead.

• Normal line definition
• Angle measurement conventions
• Specular vs diffuse reflection (conceptual)
• Quick geometry checks

Plane mirrors produce virtual images that appear behind the mirror at the same distance as the object is in front. Learn how to justify this with simple rays.

• Virtual image concept
• Equal object/image distance
• Lateral inversion idea
• Ray-diagram method (conceptual)

Concave and convex mirrors focus rays differently. Use principal rays to locate images and understand why images can be real or virtual depending on object position.

• Concave vs convex behavior
• Principal axis and focal point (intro)
• Principal rays as a tool
• When images become real vs virtual

Every image description should include: real or virtual, upright or inverted, magnified or reduced, and (if relevant) image distance and location.

• Real vs virtual meaning
• Upright vs inverted meaning
• Magnification interpretation
• Clear sentence-style descriptions

Practice angle conventions, ray diagrams, and full image descriptions for plane and spherical mirrors.

• Angle-from-normal drills
• Plane mirror image location questions
• Concave/convex ray-diagram exercises
• Real vs virtual classification sets
• Exam-style mirror optics problems